Each chromosome in the somatic-cell complement can be uniquely identified by following a number of different banding procedures. The banding patterns are highly characteristic. The International System for Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) provides schematic representations, or ideograms, of human chr...

Precise endoscopic assessment is necessary to detect neoplastic changes in an early stage. Electronic or virtual chromo-endoscopy (ECE) is an alternative to conventional dye-based chromo-endoscopy which markedly improves capillary pattern and hence can detect micro-vessel morphological changes of ea...

Differential staining methods found extensive use in karyotype studies of many plant and animal species and provide for reliable identification of all chromosomes of the organism. Below we describe the most widespread methods and history of their advent. In addition, we discuss specific structure of...

Early detection of malignancies within the gastrointestinal tract is essential to improve the prognosis and outcome of affected patients. However, conventional white light endoscopy has a miss rate of up to 25% for gastrointestinal pathology, specifically in the context of small and flat lesions wit...